The Relationship Of Organization Structure Commerce Essay

The Relationship Of Organization Structure Commerce Essay The purpose of this report understands you about the organization behavior. To that it includes organization structure, cultures, leadership styles, management approaches, and motivational theories to understand you about the organization behavior. For you to understand this terms this report uses Google and Creative Solutions. Google is a international IT based company which provide various kind of information to the world. Larry page and Sergey Brin are the founders of Google Company. Creative Solutions is also IT based company in Sri Lanka. By using this two companies you can understand how they using different organization structure, cultures, leadership styles, management approaches, and motivational theories to understand you about the organization behavior. Task 01 The Relationship of Organization Structure and Organization Culture (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google, 2012) Section 01 LO1.1 Compare and Contrast Organization Structure and Culture. In ICT Industry, theres lots of companies in the world and in Sri Lanka that doing their operations. They provided many services to the people. Google is one of famous and leading ICT Company in the world. Google is founded by two PhD students in Stanford University, the massive search engine Google officially launched in September of 1998. These two university students develop this Google very fast. The term of Google become officially in 2006, the term pop-up regularly in our normal conversation Just Google it . Newsdays everyone knows about the Google and its the most popular searching engine in the network. Creative Solutions is has assisted international companies with software development, maintenance, support and quality assurance since 1999. By providing a high quality, cost-effective service out of their state of the art Research and development centre in Sri Lanka, they help their clients meet their deadlines and achieve higher level of profitability. An organization structure a consists of activities such as task allocation, coordination and supervision, which are directed towards the achieved of organizational aims. It can also be considered as the viewing glass or perspective through which individuals see their organization and its environment. And the Organization culture is the collective behavior of humans who are part of an organization and the meanings that the people attach to their actions. Larry Page and Sergey Brin founded Google in September 1998. Since then, the company has grown to more than 30.000 employees worldwide with a management team that represents some of the most experienced technology professionals in the industry. Executive Officers Larry Page CEO Eric E.Schmidt Executive Chairmen Sergey Brin Co-Founder Nikesh Arora Senior Vice President And Chief Business Officer David C. Drummond Senior Vice President, Corporate Development and Chief Legal Officer Patrick Pichette Senior Vice President And Senior Financial Officer Senior Leadership Alan Eustace Amit Singhal Andy Rubin Dennis Woodside Jeff Huber Kent Walker Laszlo Bock Rachel Whetstone Salar Kamangar Shone Brown Sridhar Ramaswami Sundar Pichai Susan Wojcicki Urs Hoelzle Vis Gundotra Board of Directors. Larry Page CEO Sergey Brin Co-Founder Eric E.Schidmit L. John Doerr Diane B Greene John L Hennessy Ann Mather Paul S Ottelline K Ram Shriram Shirly L Tilghman And this is the normal structure of the Creative Solutions, In this two organization their organization structure is different to each other. Google is the fourth-most admired company in the United States. Google was also listed as the top company to work for in both 2007 and 2008. Google is a one of most popular organization that many employees like to have jobs there. The main reason for this employee admiration is Googles cross functional organizational structure, which the company maintains though seller leadership and innovative management techniques. And in the Creative Solutions using a functional organization structure. A functional organization structure is best suited as a producer of standardized goods and services at large volume and low cost.   The culture in an organization plays a major role in the organization. The culture in an organization helps to attract the best talent available in the industry. Google was the one of few companies that successfully blended technology innovation with strong organization culture. The culture in the Google is very interesting, motivate and attractive. Culture in Creative Solution is same as the Google, but exactly not like that. Because the culture in Creative Solution also is very motivate, interesting and attractive. They using small methods to attract innovative people and good customers. LO1. 2 The Relationship between Organization Culture and Structure (http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/organizational-culture.html, 2012) (http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-the-relationship-between-organizational-structure-and-organizational-culture.htm, 2012) The Organization Culture in Organization is a major role. Organizational structure and organizational culture have a dependent relationship with one another. In the business world, management structure determines the behaviors, attitudes, dispositions, and ethics that create the work culture. If a companys organizational structure is strictly hierarchical, with decisions making power centralized at the top, the companys culture will likely reflect a lack of freedom and autonomy at the lower levels. If the companys management structure is decentralized, with shared power and authority at all levels, the culture is likely to be more independent, personalized and accountable. Its really easy to work in that structure. The way company allocates power and authority determines how employees behave. These choices manifest in a companys organizational structure and organizational culture. Most companies use a hierarchical structure that looks like a pyramid. The chief executive or president sits at the very top of pyramid. Other officers directly report to him. In the Google, there organizational structure and organizational culture also connected to one another. There hire people who smart and determined, and they favor ability over experience. Although Googlers share common goals and visions for the company, they hail from all walks of life and speak dozens of language, reflecting the global audience that they serve. And they not at work, Googlers pursue interests ranging from cycling to beekeeping, from Frisbee to foxtrot. They strive to maintain the open culture often associated with startups, in which everyone is a hands-on contributor and feels comfortable sharing ideas and opinions. In their weekly all-hands meetings not to mention over e-mail or in the cafà ©_ Googlers ask questions directly to Larry, Serge and other execs about any number of companys issues. Their officers and cafes are designed to encourage interaction between Googlers within and across teams, and speak conversations about works as well as play. The organizationa l structure is very different because they are made up of many shareholders that have a say in what the company does and turns into. In Creative Solutions, their culture and structure attached to each other. The culture in Creative Solutions is very interesting and very motivate, and they using a functional organizational structure. Its best suited as a producer of standardized goods and services at large volume and low cost. LO2.2 Organizational Theory (http://management.blurtit.com/q7346416.html, 2012) Organizational theory and management theory is used in many aspects of a working business. Many people strive to adhere to the theory to help them become better at their jobs or more successful in life, although this may lead to them having to sacrifice some of their personal principles in order to succeed. One example of following organizational theory in the financial sector would be an employee or manager who wants to know how to achieve goals by having a set structure to follow. In addition, someone in a Human Resources sector will have to make decisions throughout their working day that will undoubtedly change the structure and practice of a working day for all other employees in the company. If an individual gets so wrapped up in trying to fit the mould of what they interpret their role should be in terms of organizational theory, they may start to neglect other areas of business. In the same way, management theory may also underpin the personal values of some individuals. For instance, they may disagree with a particular rule or regulation that has been introduced by the company, however in order to carry out their job as a manager effectively and professionally, they need to move away from their principles and execute the job. It is difficult to try to execute both management and organizational theories as a psychological contract between the employer and employee still needs to be maintained. This will need to consider how fairly the company is treating the employee and how fairly the employee is treating the company, i.e. are they actually putting 100 percent effort into their work? Any changes to the organization or management in a company, is undoubtedly going to have an effect on all of this. LO2.3 Different Approaches to Management used by Google and Creative Solutions. Google Human behavior approach. This is based on psychology and social psychology. It means management should understand about the human behavior. Management should increasing productivity through motivation and good human relations. In Google they creating friendly, peaceful and relaxed environment for their employees. In Google, their employees highly motivated to their duty well. They maintain a simple and open communication structure. Google has a flat structure that uses cross hierarchical, cross functional teams and they good at decision making. Relationship approach. This means keeping a good cultural relationship. Relationships exist among the external as well as internal environment of the organization. Cooperation among group members is necessary for the achievement of organization objectives. For effective management, efforts should be made for establishing harmony between goals of the organization and the various groups therein. In Google they maintaining with the Laissez- Faire style. This will help to keep to good, strong relationship between employees and the leaders in the Google. Selecting employees approach. In Google, they selected their employees in a special way. They get billions of application in a year. So they are maintaining a good employees selecting system. They are selecting people with good skilled, good personality and with high academic achievements because its easy work with them and its saving Googles money. Creative Solutions Culture approach Creative solutions create a good, friendly and attractive environment for their employees that can work easily. Its always encouraging the employee to do their best and highly motivated. Keeping same leadership style In Creative Solutions they using Democratic Leadership styles, and its help them to encourage their employees to make good decisions and sharing ideas. Interpersonal behavior. Creative Solution always focusing on their employees interpersonal behavior. So that they always selecting, training their employees to make them as good, skill full employees. Section 2 LO2.1 Different Leadership Styles There are different leadership styles in an organization they used to have a successful growth. There are three leadership styles in management, Autocratic Leadership Style Democratic Leadership Style Laissez-Faire Leadership Style In Google they are using Laissez-Faire Leadership Style. The French fraise means leave it be. It describes a leader leave his her colleagues to get on with their works. These types of leadership works for teams in which the individuals are very experienced and skilled self-starters. The Company hired smart engineers, promoted most brilliant into leadership positions and then pretty much left them alone. The reason to do that, they were smart and if they have any problem they figure it out or ask questions if they needed help. Google took time and effort to find out the leadership qualities that are most important in their culture. And in the Creative Solutions, they using the same leadership style in their culture. The effectiveness of this Laissez-Faire Leadership style is final responsibility still lies with the leader. The Laissez Faire leader lets her followers have free reign over the approach, the decision making and basically all aspects in getting the job done. In Creative Solutions they are using democratic leadership style in their structure. Democratic Leadership style, leader will take the final decision, and he/she invites other team members to contribute the decisions-making process. By involving this increase the job satisfaction and also develop the peoples skills, and so motivated to work hard. This style takes more time to take things happen, but the end result is better. LO3.1 -Faced the Technological Breakdown Using Different Leadership Styles Last week theres a huge technological breakdown, and its effect to the whole industry. Because of that most companies in the industry has fallen down in their operations. This technological breakdown not only effect to the industry, its effect to the share market also. And also it effect to the industry in worldwide. In this situation Google is different leadership styles to face this technological breakdown. And Creative Solutions also using different leadership styles to face this technological breakdown. Normally Google is using Laissez-Faire Leadership style in their organization and Creative Solution using Democratic Leadership style in their organization. But in this case its better if they use all three leadership styles, because good leaders use all this three leadership styles to get the best result in their activity. By using all three leadership styles in this case, we can avoid this technological breakdown. In autocratic leadership style leaders tell their employees to what they want done and how they want it accomplished, without getting the advice from their followers, its better use it is when you have all the information to solve the problem, you are on short time and your employees well motivated. And this is using for only rare occasions. In democratic leadership style, involves leader including one or more employees in the decision making process, it allows them to become part of the team and allows you to make better process. And the leader maintains the final decision. By using all this three types of leadership styles its easy to identify the problem and faced it well, and also its good for the employees motivation. Section 3 LO3.2- Motivational Theory (http://www.managementstudyguide.com/maslows-hierarchy-needs-theory.htm, 2012) Motivation is a word divided from Latin word movere, meaning to move. Motivation is a general term applying to the entire class of drives, desires, needs, wishes, and similar forces. Motivation can be either positive or negative. Its a process that accounts for an individuals intensity, direction and persistence of effort toward attaining an organizational goal. Diagram 01. There are Three Major Motivational Theories in management. Maslows Hierarchy Theory of Needs Aldefers ERG Theory Herzbergs Motivation-Hygiene Theory Maslows Hierarchy Theory based on the assumption that there is a hierarchy of five needs within each individual. This Maslows Hierarchy Theory most often display like a pyramid. The lower level in the pyramid, are made for the most basic needs and the complex needs are in the top of the pyramid. Each one of these needs significantly satisfied its drives and forced to the next level. Applying this Maslows Hierarchy Theory to the Creative Solutions, we can identify what are the higher-order needs and what are the lower-level needs and then can find a way to satisfy them. In Aldefers ERG theory, he recatogorized Maslows Hierarchy Theory of Needs into three simple categorized. They are, Existence Needs Relatedness needs Growth Needs Diagram 02 Existence Relatedness Growth Applying this into the Creative Solutions we can identify the most concrete needs and satisfy them. Existence needs are the most concrete needs and after satisfying them we can think about the next level and its automatically jump into the next level. In Herzbergs Motivation-Hygiene Theory, there are two kind of factors affect on motivation and they are Hygiene factors and motivators. Hygiene factors determine dissatisfaction and motivators determine satisfaction. Herzbergs theory confirms that only satisfaction can make a good productivity. Applying this to the Creative Solutions they avoid unpleasantness at work and create job satisfaction in the working environment. So its help to made a good service to the customer LO3.3 Motivational Theory for Managers (http://www.accel-team.com/motivation/, 2012) As a motivational theory Herzbergs Motivation-Hygiene Theory is suitable for the managers in Creative Solution. Applying this motivational theory to the Creative Solutions, it helps to motivate managers and get the best result from them. There are two factors in Herzberg theory, they are Hygiene Factors Motivational Factors Hygiene factor are those are essential in a work place. If its not entered to the work place, then they lead to the dissatisfaction. These factors describe the job environment/scenario. Hygiene factors include, Pay. Companies Policies and Administrative Policies. Fringe Benefits. Physical Working Conditions. Status. Interpersonal Relations. Job Security. And motivational factors are motivating the employees to the superior performance. Motivational factors are called satisfiers. Motivational factors include, Recognition. Sense of Achievement. Growth and Promotional Activities.. Responsibility. Meaningfulness of the Work. The Two-Factor theory implies that the managers must stress upon guaranteeing the adequacy of the hygiene factors to avoid employee dissatisfaction. Also, the managers must make sure that the work is stimulating and rewarding so that the employees are motivated to work and give their best to the organization. The job must utilize the employees skills and give a good compete to the competitors. Focusing on the motivational factors can improve work-quality. Task 02 HR Manager Presentation in Google Conclusion The purpose of this report understands the organization behavior in the world. It can understand how the organization using different organization structures, cultures, motivational theories and leadership styles. For that this report uses Google and Creative Solutions as the international and local company. So that itll help to understand how these two organizations uses different organization structures, cultures, motivational theories and leadership styles.

Pathology and Contemporary Treatment Alternatives

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, asthma is a complex disease on the rise in the United States. Most at risk include poor or inner city minorities that present with inordinately high rates of mortality resulting from the condition (CDC, 2005). Asthma may also be on the rise due to environmental factors including increased pollution and exposure to environmental toxins that may affect lung capacity (CDC, 2005; Hwang et. al, 2005; Yang, et. al, 1997; Wickman, et. al, 2003). Asthma is a serious, potentially life threatening condition for the millions of sufferers worldwide. Doctors are still working to determine the cause of this disease and finding new ways to treat it. While there is no cure for asthma yet, researchers have uncovered multiple treatment alternatives that help patients with asthma effectively control their condition. Education, public response and intervention are all critical success factors for predicting the quality of life for patients with asthma now and in the future. Research supports the use of a defined set of treatment protocols for assisting patients with asthma lead a better quality of life. The basis for treatment, anatomy and physiology of the respiratory tract and pathology of asthma in patients are all discussed in greater detail below. Normal Lung Function and Respiratory System The human body has two lungs located on either side of the chest. The lungs functions include passing oxygen from outside the body into our bloodstream and releasing waste materials in the form of carbon dioxide back into the environment (Gershwin & Klingelhofer, 1992). During each breath the body inhales oxygen and exhales carbon dioxide (Polk, 18). Oxygen combines with carbohydrates and fat in the body to product energy. During the process of creating energy water and carbon dioxide are formed that are expelled through breathing. The lungs consist of several anatomical structures including the bronchial tubes that enable expansion and constriction of the muscles in the lungs and chest. These tubes consist of muscles that allow air to pass deep in to the lungs. Bronchial tubes consistently change width, increasing in girth as an individual inhales and becoming narrower upon exhalation. In a person with a well functioning respiratory system all parts of the airway function synergistically to ensure maximum intake of oxygen and exhalation of carbon dioxide with each breath. Air enters the body through the nose and mouth. It passes through the pharynx, larynx and trachea, all important parts of the airway (Polk, 18). The noses and sinuses act as conditioners adjusting the air temperature as it passes through other structures in the airway. The pharynx or back of the throat allows liquids and solids entering the airway to â€Å"drop out before entering the lungs† (Polk, 19). Likewise the larynx helps prevent other unwanted particles in the air from entering the lungs (Polk, 19). It is here that the body's cough reflex lies. If something unwanted is present in the air being inhaled, the larynx will stimulate a cough reflex to help expel the object. While the larynx isn't the only trigger for a cough reflect it is very important to the entire breathing process (Polk, 19). When a person inhales, the chest muscles in the body contract allowing the ribs to separate slightly. Air is then drawn into the lungs. The opposite happens when an individual exhales, allowing air to forcefully come out of the lungs. The abdomen is also involved in breathing. The abdomen attaches to the front and back of the ribs, pushing them up and out when breathing. Breathing thus incorporates the chest and abdomen. The more a person engages all the muscles and organs involved in respiration including the abdomen, the better able they are to take a full breath of air. In times of old doctors ascribed asthma to anyone having difficulty breathing regardless of the cause; during the 20th century however researchers refined asthma to include difficult breathing â€Å"Because of a problem that begins in the bronchial tubes of the lungs† (Polk, 15). Asthma is a complex disorder that doctors are still working to fully understand. While doctors have uncovered many potential causes for asthma, they are still not certain what exactly causes it and how to prevent it 100 percent in all patients. In patients with asthma, the ability of the bronchial tubes to adjust their width is often diminished, resulting in difficulty breathing. Children are often at increased risk for developing asthma, as their bronchial tubes are narrower to begin with than adult tubes, thus less change in width is evident even in healthy lungs. Exercise induced asthma is a form of asthma that results when the air present in the nose and sinuses isn't prepared appropriately to pass through other parts of the airway (Polk, 19). Normally this form of asthma is easier to treat than severe forms of asthma whose cause is unknown (Hogshead, 1989; Guyton, 1991). During a bronchospasm attach involuntary spasms may prevent lung tissue from expanding to their normal size. Air can become trapped in the lungs. Cellular and structural changes often occur within the airway and lungs of patients with asthma, including thickening of the airway wall and inflammation (Saetta & Turato, 2001). Normally as air passes through the lungs the bronchiols or airways get smaller. In a patient with uncontrolled asthma however, the sides of the airways typically become enlarged or inflamed (CDC, 2005). During an acute attack, the muscles or bronchiols surrounding the airways constrict, thus reducing the amount of air a person can pass in and out of their lungs (CDC, 2005). Once this constriction begins, mucus starts forming in the airways, causing even greater constriction and distress. Typical symptoms associated with an asthma attack include wheezing, chest pain and tightness, coughing and difficulty breathing (CDC, 2005). No one is immune from asthma. Children, adults and the elderly are all at risk. Some people are more at risk than others including people who smoke, those with seasonal allergies and anyone with recurring acute respiratory infections (CDC, 2005). Signs of asthma include physical qualities of the disease a patient, family member or doctor can easily identify such as dyspnea (trouble breathing) (Polk, 7). Symptoms include complaints generally associated with the condition, and may include headaches or chest pain, skin flushing and itching (Polk, 8). Dyspnea results from multiple conditions other than asthma including infections, allergies, foreign bodies present in the airway and associated factors (Polk, 8). It is important a clinician differentiate between asthma and other causes of the disease. Basis Contemporary Treatments For Managing Asthma The National Asthma Education and Prevention Panel consistently work with doctors to develop contemporary treatments to manage asthma (Moonie, et. al, 2005). Many of these treatments are based on empirical research that supports reduction of patients symptoms and prevention of chronic attacks. The goal of contemporary asthma care and treatment includes â€Å"control of asthma and good quality of life for asthmatic patients† (Gaga, et. al, 80). The basis for much of contemporary care is empirical based research, though trends are changing in an attempt to encourage doctors to improve patient awareness and education. Many asthma drugs historically are administered through inhalation. Inhalers are often prescribed â€Å"on an empirical basis rather than on evidence based awareness: (Virchow, 24). Much of the asthma management guidelines currently available offer â€Å"non-specific advice regarding inhaler choice† (Virchow, 24). As such it is important that GP work with patients to decide what the ideal inhaler is for all patients involved. The ideal inhaler according to Virchow (2005) is one that (1) is breath activated, â€Å"releasing medication only when all prerequisites for successful inhalation are met, (2) has a low intrinsic airflow resistance so children and elderly patients may use it and (3) is one that provides a flow-independent deposition of drugs in the lungs as well as feedback that reassures patients whether the drugs has been inhaled properly (24). Newman (2005) suggests the pressured metered-doze inhaler or pMDI delivers asthma medications in a reliable â€Å"multi-dose presentation† (1177). Key components of this devices help determine the amount of drug delivered to the patient. The researcher further suggests that pMDIs can be developed that are breath actuated and coordinated with â€Å"spray-velocity modifiers† to help patients unable to use â€Å"conventional press and breathe pMDI's correctly† (Newman, 1177). Modern or contemporary pMDI's according to Newman should also contain non-ozone depleting propellants, a sentiment confirmed by Virchow (2005) as well. Patients with severe refractory asthma require more comprehensive treatment. High-doses of inhaled corticosteroids are often insufficient for treating this form of asthma. Most require contemporary treatments including oral corticosteroid administration and use of immunosuppressants (Sano, Adachi, Kiuchi & Miyamoto, 2005). Chronic use of these drugs however present a high risk for adverse side effects. A study conducted by Sano, et. al (2005) suggests that nebulized sodium cromoglycate â€Å"is expected to be a new second-line therapeutic option in severe asthma† (1). Gaga, et. al (2005) suggests that many doctors are not achieving good quality of life and control of asthma for patients. Their study of treatment outcomes for asthmatic patients in specialized care suggests that contemporary treatments should include more patient education combined with increased use of LABAs (Long-acting beta2-agonists) and leukotriene antagonists to help prevent bronchoconstriction and improve quality of life for patients. Despite multiple contemporary treatment choices, managing acute severe asthma attacks still present a tremendous health challenge to health care professionals (Barnard, 2005). Contemporary guidelines for treating acute emergency attacks currently include treatment with oxygen and inhaled beta 2 agonists, which can be administered continuously to help preserve life in acute patients (Barnard, 532). Patients discharged after such treatment should also engage in review of current medications and consider â€Å"a short course of oral steroids, a written asthma action plan and detailed advice about deterioration that may occur within 48 hours† (Barnard, 533). Butz et. al, (2005) are among a growing body of contemporary researchers that suggests that self management and patient education are critical success factors for treating patients with asthma in modern society. Their studies suggested home based educational programs that focus on accurate symptom identification and demonstration of â€Å"asthma medication delivery services† may improve patient quality of life and assist children with asthma and asthma like conditions (Butz, et. al, 190). Delaronde, Peruccio & Bauer (2005) find that â€Å"individualized telephonic case management† from registered nurses specifically trained in contemporary asthma treatment may improve asthma medication use and subsequent quality of life for patients with asthma (361). This research correlates with a growing body of evidence supporting patient education and direct support as practical contemporary treatment practices. The basis for much of contemporary treatment lies in the gold standards or clinical practice guidelines outlined by the National Asthma Education and Prevention Program's Expert Panel (CDC, 2005). These standards offer patients and health care practitioners specific guidelines for recognizing, diagnosis, treating and providing ongoing care to asthmatic patients. Because asthma is a difficult disease to diagnose, clinicians should utilize multiple diagnostic tools to determine whether airflow obstruction in patients results from asthma or other underlying conditions. Doctors should also acquire a comprehensive medical and family history and attempt to quantify the severity of a person's condition (CDC, 2005). Other contemporary diagnostic criteria helpful for assessing a patients condition include lung function tests (also referred to as spirometry) (CDC, 2005). Because there is no cure for asthma at this time doctors must work to improve the quality of life for patients presenting with asthma as effectively treat acute attacks. Doctors also work with patients to prevent attacks and recurrent episodes. Not one treatment modality works for all people because every case of asthma is unique. Because of this doctors often use various medications including injections, oral medications, vapors and inhalers. Use of inhalers to expand airflow is currently one of the most common and effective long-term treatment choices for patients with asthma. Contemporary long lasting medical treatments should include use of corticosteroids to help reduce inflammation in the lungs and airways. Most patients will inhale these medicines or take them orally. Long acting beta2-agonists are also identified as effective long-term treatments for patients with asthma. While inhalers, nebulizers and other medications all serve the asthmatic population, education should also form the foundation for modern treatment practices. Multiple researchers have concluded that patient education is effective for improving the quality of life in patients with asthma. Education also ensures that patients understand how to use their medications and do use them to prevent acute attacks. Education may be particularly beneficial for children by helping them adopt healthy behaviors early on that can help control their condition. Asthma is a complex disease involving structural and physiological components. Patients with asthma face a life long and often debilitating condition that under severe circumstances may result in increased morbidity. Fortunately there are many treatments currently available that effectively manage this condition. Contemporary management and treatment of asthma is based on empirical research that suggests multiple forms of medication for preventing and treating acute asthma attacks. The most common forms of treatment include corticosteroid administration through inhalers or oral forms. There are other equally effective medical treatments however that may work well for patients depending on the severity of their illness. No two patients are alike with respect to the condition thus treatment must be tailored to the individual. New research suggests that doctors and patients focus on prevention and education to help improve patients quality of life and experience of their disease (West, 1990). Education that starts early, as when patients are children, is likely to be more effective than education that starts years after an individual has attempted to manage their disease using other methods. Adequate evidence suggests that the manner of delivery for education does not impact a patients success rate. Thus information may be distributed in person, in the home or even over the telephone if necessary. The currently body of literature available suggest that education in the classroom may also be an important avenue for teaching prevention and treatment in the future (West, 1990). It is important that researchers and doctors continue exploring new avenues for treating and preventing this insidious disease. Pathology and Contemporary Treatment Alternatives According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, asthma is a complex disease on the rise in the United States. Most at risk include poor or inner city minorities that present with inordinately high rates of mortality resulting from the condition (CDC, 2005). Asthma may also be on the rise due to environmental factors including increased pollution and exposure to environmental toxins that may affect lung capacity (CDC, 2005; Hwang et. al, 2005; Yang, et. al, 1997; Wickman, et. al, 2003). Asthma is a serious, potentially life threatening condition for the millions of sufferers worldwide. Doctors are still working to determine the cause of this disease and finding new ways to treat it. While there is no cure for asthma yet, researchers have uncovered multiple treatment alternatives that help patients with asthma effectively control their condition. Education, public response and intervention are all critical success factors for predicting the quality of life for patients with asthma now and in the future. Research supports the use of a defined set of treatment protocols for assisting patients with asthma lead a better quality of life. The basis for treatment, anatomy and physiology of the respiratory tract and pathology of asthma in patients are all discussed in greater detail below. Normal Lung Function and Respiratory System The human body has two lungs located on either side of the chest. The lungs functions include passing oxygen from outside the body into our bloodstream and releasing waste materials in the form of carbon dioxide back into the environment (Gershwin & Klingelhofer, 1992). During each breath the body inhales oxygen and exhales carbon dioxide (Polk, 18). Oxygen combines with carbohydrates and fat in the body to product energy. During the process of creating energy water and carbon dioxide are formed that are expelled through breathing. The lungs consist of several anatomical structures including the bronchial tubes that enable expansion and constriction of the muscles in the lungs and chest. These tubes consist of muscles that allow air to pass deep in to the lungs. Bronchial tubes consistently change width, increasing in girth as an individual inhales and becoming narrower upon exhalation. In a person with a well functioning respiratory system all parts of the airway function synergistically to ensure maximum intake of oxygen and exhalation of carbon dioxide with each breath. Air enters the body through the nose and mouth. It passes through the pharynx, larynx and trachea, all important parts of the airway (Polk, 18). The noses and sinuses act as conditioners adjusting the air temperature as it passes through other structures in the airway. The pharynx or back of the throat allows liquids and solids entering the airway to â€Å"drop out before entering the lungs† (Polk, 19). Likewise the larynx helps prevent other unwanted particles in the air from entering the lungs (Polk, 19). It is here that the body's cough reflex lies. If something unwanted is present in the air being inhaled, the larynx will stimulate a cough reflex to help expel the object. While the larynx isn't the only trigger for a cough reflect it is very important to the entire breathing process (Polk, 19). When a person inhales, the chest muscles in the body contract allowing the ribs to separate slightly. Air is then drawn into the lungs. The opposite happens when an individual exhales, allowing air to forcefully come out of the lungs. The abdomen is also involved in breathing. The abdomen attaches to the front and back of the ribs, pushing them up and out when breathing. Breathing thus incorporates the chest and abdomen. The more a person engages all the muscles and organs involved in respiration including the abdomen, the better able they are to take a full breath of air. In times of old doctors ascribed asthma to anyone having difficulty breathing regardless of the cause; during the 20th century however researchers refined asthma to include difficult breathing â€Å"Because of a problem that begins in the bronchial tubes of the lungs† (Polk, 15). Asthma is a complex disorder that doctors are still working to fully understand. While doctors have uncovered many potential causes for asthma, they are still not certain what exactly causes it and how to prevent it 100 percent in all patients. In patients with asthma, the ability of the bronchial tubes to adjust their width is often diminished, resulting in difficulty breathing. Children are often at increased risk for developing asthma, as their bronchial tubes are narrower to begin with than adult tubes, thus less change in width is evident even in healthy lungs. Exercise induced asthma is a form of asthma that results when the air present in the nose and sinuses isn't prepared appropriately to pass through other parts of the airway (Polk, 19). Normally this form of asthma is easier to treat than severe forms of asthma whose cause is unknown (Hogshead, 1989; Guyton, 1991). During a bronchospasm attach involuntary spasms may prevent lung tissue from expanding to their normal size. Air can become trapped in the lungs. Cellular and structural changes often occur within the airway and lungs of patients with asthma, including thickening of the airway wall and inflammation (Saetta & Turato, 2001). Normally as air passes through the lungs the bronchiols or airways get smaller. In a patient with uncontrolled asthma however, the sides of the airways typically become enlarged or inflamed (CDC, 2005). During an acute attack, the muscles or bronchiols surrounding the airways constrict, thus reducing the amount of air a person can pass in and out of their lungs (CDC, 2005). Once this constriction begins, mucus starts forming in the airways, causing even greater constriction and distress. Typical symptoms associated with an asthma attack include wheezing, chest pain and tightness, coughing and difficulty breathing (CDC, 2005). No one is immune from asthma. Children, adults and the elderly are all at risk. Some people are more at risk than others including people who smoke, those with seasonal allergies and anyone with recurring acute respiratory infections (CDC, 2005). Signs of asthma include physical qualities of the disease a patient, family member or doctor can easily identify such as dyspnea (trouble breathing) (Polk, 7). Symptoms include complaints generally associated with the condition, and may include headaches or chest pain, skin flushing and itching (Polk, 8). Dyspnea results from multiple conditions other than asthma including infections, allergies, foreign bodies present in the airway and associated factors (Polk, 8). It is important a clinician differentiate between asthma and other causes of the disease. Basis Contemporary Treatments For Managing Asthma The National Asthma Education and Prevention Panel consistently work with doctors to develop contemporary treatments to manage asthma (Moonie, et. al, 2005). Many of these treatments are based on empirical research that supports reduction of patients symptoms and prevention of chronic attacks. The goal of contemporary asthma care and treatment includes â€Å"control of asthma and good quality of life for asthmatic patients† (Gaga, et. al, 80). The basis for much of contemporary care is empirical based research, though trends are changing in an attempt to encourage doctors to improve patient awareness and education. Many asthma drugs historically are administered through inhalation. Inhalers are often prescribed â€Å"on an empirical basis rather than on evidence based awareness: (Virchow, 24). Much of the asthma management guidelines currently available offer â€Å"non-specific advice regarding inhaler choice† (Virchow, 24). As such it is important that GP work with patients to decide what the ideal inhaler is for all patients involved. The ideal inhaler according to Virchow (2005) is one that (1) is breath activated, â€Å"releasing medication only when all prerequisites for successful inhalation are met, (2) has a low intrinsic airflow resistance so children and elderly patients may use it and (3) is one that provides a flow-independent deposition of drugs in the lungs as well as feedback that reassures patients whether the drugs has been inhaled properly (24). Newman (2005) suggests the pressured metered-doze inhaler or pMDI delivers asthma medications in a reliable â€Å"multi-dose presentation† (1177). Key components of this devices help determine the amount of drug delivered to the patient. The researcher further suggests that pMDIs can be developed that are breath actuated and coordinated with â€Å"spray-velocity modifiers† to help patients unable to use â€Å"conventional press and breathe pMDI's correctly† (Newman, 1177). Modern or contemporary pMDI's according to Newman should also contain non-ozone depleting propellants, a sentiment confirmed by Virchow (2005) as well. Patients with severe refractory asthma require more comprehensive treatment. High-doses of inhaled corticosteroids are often insufficient for treating this form of asthma. Most require contemporary treatments including oral corticosteroid administration and use of immunosuppressants (Sano, Adachi, Kiuchi & Miyamoto, 2005). Chronic use of these drugs however present a high risk for adverse side effects. A study conducted by Sano, et. al (2005) suggests that nebulized sodium cromoglycate â€Å"is expected to be a new second-line therapeutic option in severe asthma† (1). Gaga, et. al (2005) suggests that many doctors are not achieving good quality of life and control of asthma for patients. Their study of treatment outcomes for asthmatic patients in specialized care suggests that contemporary treatments should include more patient education combined with increased use of LABAs (Long-acting beta2-agonists) and leukotriene antagonists to help prevent bronchoconstriction and improve quality of life for patients. Despite multiple contemporary treatment choices, managing acute severe asthma attacks still present a tremendous health challenge to health care professionals (Barnard, 2005). Contemporary guidelines for treating acute emergency attacks currently include treatment with oxygen and inhaled beta 2 agonists, which can be administered continuously to help preserve life in acute patients (Barnard, 532). Patients discharged after such treatment should also engage in review of current medications and consider â€Å"a short course of oral steroids, a written asthma action plan and detailed advice about deterioration that may occur within 48 hours† (Barnard, 533). Butz et. al, (2005) are among a growing body of contemporary researchers that suggests that self management and patient education are critical success factors for treating patients with asthma in modern society. Their studies suggested home based educational programs that focus on accurate symptom identification and demonstration of â€Å"asthma medication delivery services† may improve patient quality of life and assist children with asthma and asthma like conditions (Butz, et. al, 190). Delaronde, Peruccio & Bauer (2005) find that â€Å"individualized telephonic case management† from registered nurses specifically trained in contemporary asthma treatment may improve asthma medication use and subsequent quality of life for patients with asthma (361). This research correlates with a growing body of evidence supporting patient education and direct support as practical contemporary treatment practices. The basis for much of contemporary treatment lies in the gold standards or clinical practice guidelines outlined by the National Asthma Education and Prevention Program's Expert Panel (CDC, 2005). These standards offer patients and health care practitioners specific guidelines for recognizing, diagnosis, treating and providing ongoing care to asthmatic patients. Because asthma is a difficult disease to diagnose, clinicians should utilize multiple diagnostic tools to determine whether airflow obstruction in patients results from asthma or other underlying conditions. Doctors should also acquire a comprehensive medical and family history and attempt to quantify the severity of a person's condition (CDC, 2005). Other contemporary diagnostic criteria helpful for assessing a patients condition include lung function tests (also referred to as spirometry) (CDC, 2005). Because there is no cure for asthma at this time doctors must work to improve the quality of life for patients presenting with asthma as effectively treat acute attacks. Doctors also work with patients to prevent attacks and recurrent episodes. Not one treatment modality works for all people because every case of asthma is unique. Because of this doctors often use various medications including injections, oral medications, vapors and inhalers. Use of inhalers to expand airflow is currently one of the most common and effective long-term treatment choices for patients with asthma. Contemporary long lasting medical treatments should include use of corticosteroids to help reduce inflammation in the lungs and airways. Most patients will inhale these medicines or take them orally. Long acting beta2-agonists are also identified as effective long-term treatments for patients with asthma. While inhalers, nebulizers and other medications all serve the asthmatic population, education should also form the foundation for modern treatment practices. Multiple researchers have concluded that patient education is effective for improving the quality of life in patients with asthma. Education also ensures that patients understand how to use their medications and do use them to prevent acute attacks. Education may be particularly beneficial for children by helping them adopt healthy behaviors early on that can help control their condition. Asthma is a complex disease involving structural and physiological components. Patients with asthma face a life long and often debilitating condition that under severe circumstances may result in increased morbidity. Fortunately there are many treatments currently available that effectively manage this condition. Contemporary management and treatment of asthma is based on empirical research that suggests multiple forms of medication for preventing and treating acute asthma attacks. The most common forms of treatment include corticosteroid administration through inhalers or oral forms. There are other equally effective medical treatments however that may work well for patients depending on the severity of their illness. No two patients are alike with respect to the condition thus treatment must be tailored to the individual. New research suggests that doctors and patients focus on prevention and education to help improve patients quality of life and experience of their disease (West, 1990). Education that starts early, as when patients are children, is likely to be more effective than education that starts years after an individual has attempted to manage their disease using other methods. Adequate evidence suggests that the manner of delivery for education does not impact a patients success rate. Thus information may be distributed in person, in the home or even over the telephone if necessary. The currently body of literature available suggest that education in the classroom may also be an important avenue for teaching prevention and treatment in the future (West, 1990). It is important that researchers and doctors continue exploring new avenues for treating and preventing this insidious disease.

Culture Day Topic Essay

History of Judo was created by Jigoro Kano. He was a highly educated man; he was considered the founder of the modern Japanese education system. He wanted to preserve and combine the ancient martial traditions of Japan. One of the most important innovations was the emphasis of â€Å"randori†, or non-cooperative free sparring practice. The majority was based on pre-arranged sequences of attack and defense known as â€Å"kata†. For several years Kodokan Judo reigned supreme. Kudo was challenged by a man named Mataemon Tanabae. Maeda Mitsuyo Maeda became one of the greatest fighters in the history of Judo. Maeda retired without ever losing a fight. The Gracies, Maeda settled in Brazil and created an academy of â€Å"Jiu Jitsu†. One of his students was Carlos Gracie. After studying for several years he opened his own academy. He and Maeda created the â€Å"Gracie Challenge†, all challengers were welcome to compete in the challenge. The Gracie fighters were victorious against all kinds of fighters from different backgrounds. Several members of the Gracie family began to go to the US in the late 1980’s. The Gracies and their particular brand of fighting has had a major impact on martial arts today. Brazilian Jiu Jitsu Brazilian Jiu Jitsu was very similar in many ways with to Judo and other systems of Japanese Jiu Jitsu. Judo was originally designed as a powerful system of self-defense. Brazilian Jiu Jitsu is divided into three categories: self-defense, free fighting competition, and sport grappling. The fighting strategy of Brazilian Jiu Jitsu is to make a physically smaller or weaker person be able to defend from a larger or stronger attacker. When applying BJJ (Brazilian Jiu Jitsu) techniques leverage is key. As leverage is the secret to the most use of force.

Essay about Hamlets Struggle and Disillusionment

QUESTION: Shakespeares Hamlet continues to engage audiences through its dramatic treatment of struggle and disillusionment. In the light of your critical study, does this statement resonate with your own interpretation of Hamlet? RESPONSE: In the light of my critical study, the statement that Shakespeares Hamlet continues to engage audiences through its dramatic treatment of struggle and disillusionment resonates strongly with my own interpretation of Shakespeares play, Hamlet. It clearly continues to engage audiences as it presents ideas of duty and corruption. Shakespeare presents these ideas largely through the protagonist, Hamlets, struggle with his duty to his father and his disillusionment with himself and the†¦show more content†¦Hamlet is insure of whether the ghost is good or evil. This is evident when the ghost appears and Hamlet questions him repeatedly while contrasting ideas of good and evil. Hamlet asks the ghost if it is a spirit of health, or goblin damned, whether it bring with thee airs from heaven or blasts from hell and if its intents [are] wicked or charitable. This repetition of questions emphasises Hamlets uncertainty about the ghost and highlights his fear that it may be a dishonest and evil spirit trying to damn Hamlet to hell by getting him to commit murder, and so Hamlet struggles to undertake his duty to avenge his fathers death. Shakespeares dramatic treatment of struggle is clear through Hamlets inability to take action and carry out his duty to his father. Before avenging his fathers death, Hamlet first puts on a play to hold...the mirror up to nature, in an attempt to reinact the events of his fathers death and catch the conscience of the king to ensure that what the ghost has told him is true. While by arranging this play, Hamlet is in a sense taking some action by trying to ascertain the truth, Hamlet reproaches himself in a soliloquy for his lack of decisive action. Shakespeares use of a soliloquy allows Hamlet to reveal his feelings and innermost thoughts to the audience and he admires one of the players passion and emotion. Hamlet marvels at theShow MoreRelatedStruggle and Disillusionment in Hamlet Essays919 Words   |  4 PagesShakespeare’s employment of dramatic struggle and disillusionment through his character Hamlet, contributes to the continued engagement of modern audiences. The emplo yment of the soliloquy demonstrates Shakespeare’s approach to the dramatic treatment of these emotions. The soliloquy brings a compensating intimacy, and becomes the means by which Shakespeare brings the audience not only to a knowledge of secret thoughts of characters, but into the closest emotional touch with them too. 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We may set about to complete that 5 credit internal but our brains struggle to be useful for anything but coming up with more ways and reasons to avoid it. In fact we can easily convince ourselves that we feel busy whilst we purposely avoid those important tasks that matter the most. And next thing we know, it’s the end